Few inventions have had as much effect on contemporary
American society as television. Before 1947 the number of U.S. homes with
television sets could be measured in the thousands. By the late 1990s, 98
percent of U.S. homes had at least one television set, and those sets were on
for an average of more than seven hours a day. The typical American spends
(depending on the survey and the time of year) from two-and-a-half to almost
five hours a day watching television. It is significant not only that this time
is being spent with television but that it is not being spent engaging in other
activities, such as reading or going out or socializing.
RCA, the company that dominated the radio business in the
United States with its two NBC networks, invested $50 million in the
development of electronic television. In 1939, RCA televised
the opening of the New York World's Fair, including a speech by President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was the first president to appear on television.
By 1949 Americans who lived within range of the growing
number of television stations in the country could watch, for example, The
Texaco Star Theater (1948), starring Milton Berle, or the children's
program, Howdy Doody (1960). They could also choose between two
15-minute newscasts CBS TV News (1948) and NBC's News Caravan
(1948) Many early programs such as Amos 'n' Andy (1951) or The Jack
Benny Show (1955). Most of the formats of the new programs, newscasts,
situation comedies, variety shows, and dramas were borrowed from radio,
too.
NBC and CBS took the funds needed to establish this new medium from their radio profits. However, television networks soon would be making substantial profits of their own, and network radio would all but disappear, except as a carrier of hourly newscasts. Ideas on what to do with the element television added to radio, the visuals, sometimes-seemed in short supply. On news programs, in particular, the temptation was to fill the screen with "talking heads," newscasters simply reading the news, as they might have for radio. For shots of news events, the networks relied initially on the newsreel companies, whose work had been shown previously in movie studios. The number of television sets in use rose from 6,000 in 1946 to some 12 million by 1951. No new invention entered American homes faster than black and white television sets; by 1955 half of all U.S. homes had one.
The election of a young and vital president in 1960, John F. Kennedy, seemed to provide evidence of how profoundly television would change politics. Commentators pointed to the first televised debate that fall between Kennedy, the Democratic candidate for president, and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican's nominee. A survey of those who listened to the debate on radio indicated that Nixon had won; however, those who watched on television, and were able to contrast Nixon's poor posture and poorly shaven face with Kennedy's poise and grace, were more likely to think Kennedy had won the debate. Television's coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963, and of the events that followed, provided further evidence of the medium's power.
In the 1990s the spread of television transmitters,
television sets, and electricity made it possible for half of the individuals
in the world to watch television. However, television's attraction
globally is strong. Those human beings who have a television set watch it, by
one estimate, for an average of two-and-a-half hours a day.
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